The reception of Popper in Japan has not been a glorious history up to the present day. There have been numerous misunderstandings and distortions. It is important to record and discuss them in order to learn from them and to make use of his ideas in the Japanese intellectual climate. This is the purpose of the present paper. From the perspective of the reception history, we searched the reasons why Popper has been misunderstood in Japan (especially in four areas: philosophy, economics, history, and political philosophy), and tried to identify some of the factors responsible for this misunderstanding. To this end, we applied the method of “situational analysis” to the Japanese peculiar intellectual situation after the so-called après guerres, rather than by using a chronological order. If the causes of misunderstandings and distortions in Japan can be clarified by means of a situational analysis, we can learn a great deal from this history and can use this knowledge to throw new light on the status of critical rationalism in Japan

After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

One may say that The Open Society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

Background and Aim: Different surgical techniques have been proposed for crown exposure among patients under orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate periodontal indices in closed flap operation technique used for impacted teeth crown exposure.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study (2001-2003) 20 patients (15 females and 5 males), age ranging from 15 to 20 years, were participated. Following the performance of closed flap operation technique, in 12 patients impacted canine and central incisors were exposed and treated orthodontically. Periodontal parameters including sulcular depth, width of keratinized gingiva and attachment loss were recorded. Results: The mean of gingival sulcus depth was 1.50±0.43, the means of keratinized gingival in central incisors and canines were 3.07±0.53 and 2.30±0.42, respectively. In one patient, attachment loss was reported.Conclusion: Considering the optimal sulcular depth and keratinized gingiva, the closed flap operation technique seems suitable.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

One of the approaches to community development has been theorized that by Inglehart and Wlze are Cultural Change from survival values to self-expression values. Based on the theory of cultural change, societies can divided into two categories of “countries with survival value” and “countries with self-expression values”. The authors argue that collective action in any society Dependent on cultural change and values. Hence the collective action in countries with survival values different from other countries. Theoretical and conceptual conflicts and challenges very much around collective action, and there is not same views about some popular event. We aim to provide a constructed closed loop models of collective action for the survival of societies that have been studied in Egypt as a case study. Our aim in this study are the survey the Egypt as a different country from other arab country.

Introduction: The postoperative complications of a subcutaneous hematoma, seruma, or infection often delay hospital discharge and require interceptive techniques that include evacuation, debridement and restoration of damaged tissue. Closure of the dead space in subcutaneous tissues is one of the methods to minimize wound infection after cesarean delivery. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the role of subcutaneous tissue closure with its non- closure of wound in infection after cesarean delivery.Materials and Methods: The present study is a prospective randomized clinical trial. It assessed the risk of wound infection in females undergoing an elective or emergency cesarean section. Research population was 336 pregnant women who were divided randomly into two equal groups for closure or non- closure of subcutaneous tissue during the cesarean section. All women were given prophylactic antibiotics routinely. Outcome under study in present research was wound infection, which was diagnosed by emergence of signs such as discharge, swelling, tenderness, redness hardness of excision spots. Chi- square test and SPSS.9 software was used for assessment of the data. Results: Findings of this study indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic, obstetric and surgical characteristics. Extents of wound infection after the cesarean section were 11.3% (no=19) in the group with closed subcutaneous tissue and 6.5% (no=11) in the group of non- closed subcutaneous tissue.Conclusion: It appears that there is no significant benefit in using a subcutaneous stitch closure in comparison with non- closure of it in cesarean section.

The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.